Condition: a logical expression that evaluates to TRUE or FALSE.

Iteration: a repetition of instruction(s). Can be controlled by a test 'condition' in a loop(ing) construct.

Pretest loop: a pretest loop tests its condition before each iteration. A pretest loop may execute zero or more times.

Posttest loop: a posttest loop tests its condition after each iteration. A posttest loop will always execute at least once.

div(): Python function known as 'integer' or 'floor' division, returns the largest possible integer e.g. 5 div 2 == 2.

mod(): Python function known as 'Modulo Operator', returns the remainder of the division e.g. 5 mod 2 == 1.

Array: An array (Python known as list) can store a collection of data under a single variable name. Elements of an array can be numbered with an index between 0 and len(array)-1 where len (short for length) is total number of elements in array.

1. What is output? Is this pretest or posttest loop?

BEGIN
  SET x = 0
  REPEAT 
    OUTPUT x
    SET x = x + 1
  UNTIL x == 5
END

2. What is output? Is this pretest or posttest loop?

BEGIN
  SET y = 0
  WHILE y < 5
    OUTPUT y
    SET y = y + 1
  ENDWHILE
END

3. What is output?

BEGIN
  SET z = 21
  WHILE z >= 3
    IF z mod 3 == 0 THEN
      OUTPUT z
    ENDIF
    SET z = z - 1
  ENDWHILE
END

4. What is output?

BEGIN
  SET a = 1
  REPEAT
    IF a mod 2 == 0 THEN
      PRINT a div 2
    ENDIF
    SET a = a + 1
  UNTIL a > 4
END

5. What is output?

BEGIN
  SET m = 1
  SET n = 3
  WHILE m <= 3
    WHILE n >= 1
      IF m == n THEN
        OUTPUT m
      ELSE
        OUTPUT n
      ENDIF
      n = n - 1
    ENDWHILE
    m = m + 1
  ENDWHILE
END

6. What is output?

BEGIN
  SET plainText = ['h','i']
  FOR counter = 0 TO len(plainText) #'for' loops in Python won't execute end value
    OUTPUT plainText[counter]
  NEXT counter
END

7. What is output?

BEGIN
  SET plainText = ['h','i']
  FOR counter = 0 TO len(plainText) #'for' loops in Python won't execute end value
    SET letter = plainText[counter]
    SET number = ord(letter)
    SET number = number + 1
    OUTPUT chr(number)
  NEXT counter
END

8. What is value of cipherPin at the end of this algorithm?

BEGIN
  SET pin = [1,2,3,4]
  SET cipherPin = []
  SET shift = -3
  FOR counter = 0 TO len(pin) #'for' loops in Python won't execute end value
    SET cipherPin[counter] = pin[counter] + shift
  NEXT counter
END